Human Rights Jurisprudence in India: A Critical Evaluation of Legal Developments and Gaps

Abstract

Human rights jurisprudence in India has evolved significantly since the adoption of the Constitution in 1950. Rooted in the principles of justice, equality, and dignity, the Indian legal framework has progressively expanded the scope of fundamental rights through judicial interpretation, legislative action, and engagement with international norms. This paper critically evaluates the trajectory of human rights jurisprudence in India, focusing on major legal developments, judicial activism, and institutional mechanisms. It also identifies persistent gaps, including implementation challenges, socio-economic barriers, judicial overreach, and emerging issues in digital and technological domains. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach, examining constitutional provisions, landmark judgments, and contemporary developments. The findings reveal that while India has made substantial progress in recognizing and expanding human rights, structural inefficiencies, lack of enforcement, and evolving socio-political dynamics continue to hinder their realization. The paper concludes by suggesting future directions for strengthening human rights protection through legal reforms, institutional accountability, and inclusive governance.